Summary and Conclusions

TiO₂ is a new and preferred material for numerous environment friendly applications, and it has attracted much attention because of its multiple advantages, which include long-term photostability, nontoxicity, low cost, photochemical stability, and strong oxidizing power. The implantation of TiO₂ nanostructures with different dopants affects the phase crystallization temperature. The implantation of V and Al ions reduces the crystallization temperature because smaller ions substituted for Ti in the TiO₂ crystal structure by the dopant. Calcination time and temperature, atmosphere, pressure, and doping are critical parameters that control the crystallization kinetics of nanostructured TiO₂. The anatase-to-rutile transformation is inhibited by interstitial titanium formation, which limits TiO₂ structure relaxation.