ABSTRACT
Position information is valuable but makes no sense without a common representation of the world. We need to represent the positioning information on maps; and there is a need for a global coordinate reference in order to allow a position representation. This brings us to the discussion of geodesy. Preparation of map also involves transformations between or among different coordinate systems. To represent the positions in a spatial representation, we often need to handle projection systems as well. This chapter explains different coordinate systems and their transformations, shape of the earth, different ellipsoids and datums, and various projection systems. It also discusses the concepts of height measurements with GNSS.
