ABSTRACT
Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a type of retrovirus known as a lentivirus that causes acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS). HIV attacks T-helper cells that are a part of the immune system, preventing the body from fighting other pathogens. AIDS was first discovered in the United States in two clusters of patients exhibiting out-of-control infections from opportunistic pathogens characteristic of people with compromised immune systems. Soon, HIV was seen in patients such as hemophiliacs who were most likely acquiring HIV from a contaminated blood supply. Isolates from these patients helped lead to the discovery of HIV, the implementation of HIV testing to detect the virus or antibodies against the virus, and then the development of the first antiretroviral drugs to fight the virus. Initial treatment approaches were not successful long term due to mutation of the virus causing resistance to treatment, but the development of protease inhibitors and combination drug therapies in the mid-1990s led to a steep decline in AIDS deaths in those who had access to treatment. Future research is geared towards finding a vaccine, making antiretroviral therapy (ART) widely available, and preventing new HIV infection through education and addressing healthcare disparities around the world.
