ABSTRACT
Oceans cover more than two thirds of the Earth’s surface and provide billions of people with food and livelihoods. The resulting adverse effects of ocean acidification, climate change , extreme weather events and coastal erosion exacerbate ongoing threats to marine and coastal resources from overfishing, pollution and habitat degradation. The expansion of protected areas for marine biodiversity and existing policies and treaties that encourage responsible use of ocean resources are still insufficient to combat the adverse effects of overfishing, growing ocean acidification due to climate change and worsening coastal eutrophication. The Global Record of Fishing Vessels, Refrigerated Transport Vessels and Supply Vessels emerged from a process begun in 2005 with the adoption of the Rome Declaration on illegal, unreported and unregulated (IUU) fishing. India has taken various steps to protect and enhance the coastal and marine ecosystem. India has a long history of mangrove forest management.
