ABSTRACT
Most structural members are subjected to individual loadings such as axial load (tension or compression), transverse loads, torsional loads, or even combined loading such as axial load along with the transverse load. In general, structural members can be classified according to the characteristics of externally applied and environmentally induced loads. A structural member under axial tension or compression loads acting typically at its geometric centroid of the cross section with little bending or torsional moment is referred to as a tie or column, respectively. Beams are members carrying loads transverse to their longitudinal axes, whereas shafts are members subjected to torsional loads along with other loads. In addition, structural members under axial and transverse loads and/or other bending moments are referred to as beam columns. Schematic diagrams of different loads acting on members are shown in Figure 7.1.
