ABSTRACT
In joint activity, the concept of directability is thought to be important in effective teamwork on collaborative tasks. This chapter considers which visual human-machine interfaces (HMIs) may be best suited to supplement vocal information during the cycle of automation and analyzes and presents data from a simulator handover task with an emphasis on where individuals visually attend to during and following the transfer of control. HMIs were split into separate areas of interest and were analyzed for visual gaze time, taking into account demographics such as gender, age, time in automation, and premium car ownership. The chapter summarizes the most effective visual HMIs for level 3 and 4 automated vehicles and discusses them in relation to the concept of ‘directability’ and current models in the market. It is recommended that manufacturers combine these vocal and visual communication strategies to optimize situation awareness transactions and effective communication.
