ABSTRACT
Analysis, design, and prediction are related but not the same. Analysis must be integrated with design as many failures occur at this interface area. This chapter focuses on some aspects of design earthworks considerations and includes typical values for assessment of design input as a required criterion, whether in terms of factor of safety (FS), probability of failure or movement; failure mechanisms; extents of works; and discipline interface issues. There are many grey areas such as when dealing with hydrology or road designers or drafting, as overlaps with these areas do not fall neatly into one discipline area or the other; compaction or CBR requirements as the assumed strength or modulus in a design applies when it is seldom measured in situ. A design model that assumes a high density measured during construction implies a high friction angle or modulus. Various case studies illustrate the effect of design detailing, which may not match analysis input, and the variability in interpretation for the back-analysis of a failed slope.
