ABSTRACT
Prior to, during the site investigation, later at the construction phase, and throughout all phases, safety must be considered, and procedures implemented to mitigate risks. Securing the work area and safe work method statements (SWMS) are required that appropriately consider risks to workers and the environment. The boundary for the work activity is established, but as the work activity moves, its boundary moves accordingly. Risks are assessed based on the hazards identified, their probability of occurrence and resulting consequences. Trenching, slopes, and operating plants present key earthworks hazards. Excavation failures are especially dangerous as they occur quickly. Experiential knowledge is no safeguard against the many safety issues that can arise. Construction site conditions change daily. Several case studies are used to show issues with incorrect as-constructed drawings; how slope failures extend beyond a site; and the need for constant on-site vigilance even with well-designed temporary works.
