ABSTRACT
A question arises about the nature of the initial composition of the chemical system which has a potential to evolve to life. One of the widest knowledge gaps in astrobiology is how chemical evolution led to life. Chemical evolution likely took numerous turns and was influenced by various atmospheric, geological, and energy factors, all of which changed over time. Chemical reactions in water, in superheated water, and in the solid state have been shown in the laboratory to give numerous products that are prebiotically relevant. Many settings that have been considered as candidates for prebiotic chemical evolution which could lead to living organisms include: an organic-rich ocean; tidal flats; a warm little pond; suboceanic hydrothermal vents; volcanic hot springs; and combinations. There are numerous modes of interconnectivity between different portions of the ponds. Mass movements of different constituents can occur by diffusion, advection, convection, wind stirring, and so forth.
