ABSTRACT
Oceans cover about 71% of the earth’s surface area, and it is one major part of the earth system. The oceans help in the processes of the atmosphere by the transfer of mass, momentum and energy through its surface. Oceans receive water and dissolved substances from the land. Ocean beds are sources for oil and gas extraction and are used for boating, fishing, navigation, surfing, swimming, recreation and extracting energy from waves. Dissolved earth material enters ocean waters mainly through rivers on land entering into seas in the form of ions. Liquid state matter exists as molecules or group of molecules. The air and water have many similarities in their fluid dynamics but there are some important differences. Water is practically incompressible. Ocean exchange heat and moisture with atmosphere at the ocean upper surface. Wind stress over the surface drives ocean circulation, particularly upper one kilometer of depth.
