ABSTRACT
Chapter 11 describes different miscellaneous treatments such as fluoridation or defluoridation, and the removal of iron and manganese, arsenic, nitrate, etc. Under the topic of fluoridation, fluoridation chemicals, defluoridation and fluoridation systems are discussed. The oxidation reactions of iron and manganese, and the stoichiometric requirements of potassium permanganate are presented. Problems associated with excess iron and manganese and their control methods are described.
