ABSTRACT
Asthma is deleterious for lung function, but in the skeleton this pathway facilitates the remodeling of bone. In other words the selection pressure for limb evolution in transition from water to land had a pleiotropic effect on the swim bladder pneumatic duct, facilitating the evolution of the lung. Stellar nucleosynthesis is the process by which stars generate light through nuclear reactions of previously existing nuclei or nucleons, matter in the form of the Elements being byproducts. Initially, this process produced hydrogen, helium and lithium, followed subsequently by another 33 Elements, the last of which in the series was krypton, atomic number 36. Over the course of vertebrate evolution, traits have evolved in order to adapt to an ever-changing environment as a consequence of expanding Universe. In order to evolve effectively and keep up with environmental change, the organism must be able to reference its ‘history’. During the course of embryologic development, the conceptus twists and turns, reproducing its phylogenetic ‘history’.
