ABSTRACT
Chapter 13 covers null hypotheses and corresponding statistical tests, such as the t-test. The chapter defines P and describes how P is used to determine whether a null hypothesis should be rejected. It also addresses why P has a conservative standard, and what errors (1 and 2) can be created through its use. The chapter contrasts statistical significance with scientific significance, then goes into means testing, starting with the comparison of two means. Parametric versus non-parametric tests are differentiated. Assumptions of the t-test are listed with an explanation of what should be done if an assumption is violated. Comparing more than two means is then described and the use of ANOVA and post hoc tests. Comparing frequencies through the use of chi-squared tests is described, followed by appropriate situations for using regression and correlation. The chapter ends with a table that summarizes when to use particular tests based on circumstances.
