ABSTRACT
Handling a ship in congested or high traffic areas is no easy task. Congested waters are high-density traffic areas where a vessel is likely to collide with another vessel if ship navigation is not carried out correctly. Open water navigation is not especially easy either, but by virtue of lesser traffic as well as the availability of sea room it does not pose as much of a threat as that posed by congested waters. Approaches such as those found in Singapore or China have dense traffic from fishing boats, small watercraft as well as vast numbers of large merchant vessels which, by default, equates to a higher degree of precaution, situational awareness, and decision-making.
