ABSTRACT
In this chapter, we first introduce the principles of irreversible or nonequilibrium thermodynamics as opposed to those of equilibrium thermodynamics. Then, we identify important thermodynamic forces X (the cause) and their associated flow rates J (the effect). We show how these factors are responsible for the rate with which the entropy production increases and available work decreases in a process. This gives an excellent insight into the origin of the incurred losses. We pay attention to the relation between flows and forces and the possibility of coupling of processes and its implications.
