ABSTRACT
Mongolia has a continental desert climate with large daily and seasonal temperature ranges; its terrain is comprised of a vast semi-desert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in the west and southwest, and the Gobi Desert is in the south central. The former Outer Mongolia eventually gained its independence from China on July 11, 1921, as the Mongolian People’s Republic. The date of the country’s present constitution is February 12, 1992, when it was renamed Mongolia. Virtually all of the maps produced by the Japanese for Mongolia cover the eastern part. Mapping of Mongolia by the Russians was originally conducted during the 1930s. Geodetic surveys of Mongolia were conducted from 1939 to 1946, and the primary triangulation of the country is comprised of eight north-south arc chains and three east-west arc chains. Mongolia appears to be the most geodetically advanced country in central Asia.
