ABSTRACT
Colombia has flat coastal lowlands, central highlands, high Andes Mountains, and eastern lowland plains. The City of Santa Fe de Bogotá was founded in 1538, the region Gran Colombia achieved independence from Spain in 1819 and reorganized as a republic in 1886. “A decades-long conflict between government forces, paramilitaries, and antigovernment insurgent groups heavily funded by the drug trade, principally the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, escalated during the 1990s. In fact, these famous maps have even appeared on Venezuelan postage stamps. Furthermore, IGAC provides training services in the mapping sciences for many Latin American countries, a service previously provided solely by the US Inter-American Geodetic Survey. The land boundary with Venezuela is apparently stable; it is straddled largely by a continuous chain of quadrilaterals. However, the territorial limits of the sea seem to be in dispute, particularly with respect to fishing rights.
