ABSTRACT
In case of dyspnea, physical examination is first aimed at differentiating between primary disorders of the respiratory system or disorders outside the respiratory system causing respiratory compromise, in most cases by compression of the caudal air sacs. Diagnosing the cause of dyspnea can be quite challenging. Birds stabilized during the emergency consultation can be referred to an avian specialist for further diagnostics and treatment. Signs of lung infection include dyspnea without a loud stridor, exercise intolerance, and general signs of illness. Intubation of air sacs provides instant relief in birds with trachea obstruction, unless there is further pathology of the lower airways. Inhalation of toxic fumes, gases or smoke can lead to dyspnea by intoxication through the respiratory tract.
