ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses Interactive Titanium Effects with Other Contaminants. The excessive input of titanium (Ti), mainly in the form of titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs), into aquatic environments has raised concerns about both the individual toxicity of these substances and their potential interactions with other environmental pollutants, both organic and inorganic. The interactions between contaminants can result in additive, synergistic, or antagonistic effects, which depend on factors like the nature of the contaminants, their concentrations, exposure duration, environmental conditions, and the sensitivity of the organisms or ecosystems involved. These interactions are crucial to understanding the combined effects of contaminants like titanium. Some studies have shown increased toxicity when TiO2 NPs are combined with other substances. However, some studies have reported conflicting results. In some cases, TiO2 NPs have reduced the toxic effects of other substances like metals and organic pollutants, indicating antagonistic interactions. This reduction in toxicity may result from the adsorption of co-contaminants onto TiO2 NPs, decreasing their concentrations in solution and lowering their overall toxicity. Understanding these interactions is essential for assessing and managing the risks associated with the widespread presence of TiO2 NPs in aquatic environments.
