The Case of Ti Nanoparticles

This chapter discusses the case of titanium nanoparticles. Nanoparticles (NPs), characterized by their tiny size, often between 1 and 100 nanometers in diameter, exhibit unique properties and increased reactivity due to their high surface area-to-volume ratio. Titanium nanoparticles (Ti NPs) are among the most commonly used NPs, and titanium dioxide (TiO₂) is one of the most commercially important titanium compounds. In 2015, TiO₂NP production accounted for about 10% of the total titania powder production worldwide, signifying their status as commodity chemicals. Commodity chemicals are produced in large quantities to meet industrial or consumer demands and are integral to various industries. The annual global production of titania powder was estimated at approximately 5 million tons in 2009 and is projected to reach $32 billion USD by 2030. The production of Ti NPs involves specialized techniques such as chemical precipitation, sol-gel methods, hydrothermal synthesis, plasma sputtering, and mechanical milling. These methods allow for control over particle size, shape, and properties, enabling tailored applications. While TiO₂ NPs are generally considered safe, their emerging uses necessitate further research, risk assessment, and safety measures.