Titanium in Aquatic Systems

This chapter discusses Titanium in Aquatic Ecosystems. Titanium (Ti) is a common element in aquatic ecosystems, deriving from diverse sources like mineral weathering, river runoff, and human activities. In water environments, Ti can take various forms, including dissolved ions, suspended particulate matter, and sediment-bound forms. The behavior of Ti, like many metals, is influenced by factors such as pH, redox conditions, complexation with ligands, temperature, oxygen levels, ionic strength, and natural organic matter (NOM) interactions. These factors contribute to varying bioaccumulation patterns. Regarding titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO₂ NPs), their behavior in aquatic systems has been extensively studied. TiO₂ NP aggregation and sedimentation are influenced by parameters like ionic strength, total organic carbon levels, particle concentration, water temperature, and flow velocity. Salinity also affects NP aggregation.