ABSTRACT
The chapter provides a description of the following types of support: Cast-in-place concrete and Segmental liners; Steel Sets; Rock Reinforcement Systems; Shotcrete; and Composite Liners. The objective of the chapter is to provide an overview of the types of support, their advantages and disadvantages, construction issues, as well as guidelines for their structural analysis. The chapter is organized into sections, each corresponding to a different type of support. Each section provides a description of the support, the analytical, numerical, and empirical methods than can be used for design, and the advantages and disadvantages of the method. An additional section includes a short overview of water handling and of composite liners; that is, support systems that include more than one structural element and are designed to work together.
