ABSTRACT
Physical design is one of the steps in the VLSI design cycle. In this step, each component of a circuit is converted into a set of geometric patterns that achieves the functionality of the component. The physical design step can further be divided into several sub-steps. There are different types of cells used to meet the physical design requirements. These library cells connect the power and ground connections to the substrate and n-wells respectively. Spare cells need to add while the initial implementation. There are two ways to do this. The designer adds separate modules with the required cells. Placement is the process of automatically assigning the correct position to standard cells on the chip with no overlapping. The global routing will tell for which signal which metal layer is used.
