ABSTRACT
Static electric phenomena are time-independent manifestations of a repulsive or attractive forces that are attributed to the presence of net charges located at material bodies. Electric forces were originally observed by rubbing amber with a piece of tissues made of silk. More experiments led to the conclusion that objects can be electrified or being in an electric state which lead to mutually attractive or repulsive forces. Magnetic effects have been known at least as long as electric effects, but their understanding turned out to be more difficult than the electric ones. The reason being that magnetic materials have intricate alignment behavior. In general, any electromagnetic field can be described and characterized on a microscopic scale by two vector fields E(r, t) and B(r, t) specifying respectively the electric field and the magnetic induction in an arbitrary space point r at an arbitrary time.
