ABSTRACT
Cadmium, a non-essential toxic element, mainly affects human kidneys and skeleton. It acts as a carcinogen and on accumulation in bone can have serious health implications. It is used in batteries, paints, plastics, electroplating, etc. and is released into the atmosphere during the production of metals and the combustion of fossil fuels. Phosphorous fertilizers and sewage sludge are also major sources of cadmium. Its accumulation in the food chain causes chronic diseases of the renal, pulmonary, cardiovascular, and musculoskeletal systems. Occupational and environmental cadmium exposure is linked with various types of cancers. The bones, liver, and kidneys are highly sensitive to its toxic effects. This chapter is focused on the sources and routes of exposure of cadmium, besides its aetiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, mechanisms of cadmium toxicity, and the toxicological effects of cadmium.
