ABSTRACT
In the last decades, networks have made possible communication and coordination among software-intensive systems, resulting in interconnected systems that are referred to as systems of systems (SoS). SoS have been increasingly required in diverse application domains, including in smart cities. For their development, operation, and evolution, SoS comprise independent constituent systems to achieve large and even critical missions. This chapter characterizes smart cities as SoS. For this, it presents the understanding of SoS, their unique characteristics, and types. It also presents examples of SoS in some application domains and specifically in smart cities and discusses means to design, develop, and evolve SoS. The complex nature of SoS leads to challenges for SoS engineering (SoSE), also when these systems are present in the smart city context, as discussed in this chapter. This chapter finishes by pointing out some future work.
