ABSTRACT
As the imperatives driving energy resilience efforts have evolved, so too have our conceptions of what energy resilience means. To understand the situation we are in now, it is useful to examine how these changing drivers have led to different energy resilience approaches over the past half century. In the 1970s, the energy reliability framework changed to focus squarely on energy independence. In retaliation for American support for Israel in the Yom Kippur war, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) drastically reduced production and embargoed exports to the United States. Unlike energy independence, energy resilience planning cannot be pursued solely as a national project with a single outcome for all Americans. Instead, energy resilience planning must be undertaken by many parties in concert, including policy makers at every level of government, utilities grid operators, and local communities and consumers.
