ABSTRACT
Nanomaterials have a long history, and people have inadvertently used them. Nanomaterials are synthesized using one of two methods. One of the important strategies is top-down methods, which incorporate technologies including mechanical milling, electrospinning, lithography, sputtering, arc discharge, and laser ablation. The second method uses bottom-up techniques such chemical vapor deposition, hydrothermal, solvothermal, and sol-gel processes as well as cationic, anionic, and polycondensation, in situ, and free radical polymerization. Membrane technology has steadily advanced in the wastewater treatment industry owing to its low capital cost, small equipment footprint, low power consumption, and excellent pollutant removal effectiveness. The industrial production of smart nanomaterials presents a number of challenges, including scaling up, the overall response to external variable conditions, the degradation and toxicity of nanoproducts, and the high cost of testing before final production, which includes approvals and documentation, legalization, administrative costs, stability studies, and other factors.
