ABSTRACT
Recent years have seen significant advances in the field of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) nanomaterials (NMs)-polymeric materials that are now rationally organized in a lamellar architecture and employed as building blocks for improved membrane devices in the energy and environmental fields. NMs are synthesized using one of two methods. One of the key approaches is top-down approaches, which includes mechanical milling, electrospinning, lithography, sputtering, arc discharge, and laser ablation technologies. The second approach includes bottom-up procedures, such as chemical vapor deposition (CVD), solvothermal and hydrothermal, sol-gel, cationic, anionic polymerization, polycondensation, and in situ free radical polymerization processes. Furthermore, in this section, functional polymer and NM preparation approaches are reviewed concisely.
