ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the complex amalgam of technology and international law. Cyberconflict and cyberwar are the geopolitical reality, and a challenge, of our times. States must be prepared to meet this challenge. Interstate cyberattacks are a reality, and they may become more severe in the future. While cyberattacks do not constitute an “attack” in the international legal case, cyber operations can have tangible goals. They may transgress the norms of sovereignty; they may cause interference in domestic affairs. They also may constitute a "use of force", even be seen as armed aggression, that is to say – initiate wards. Indeed, cyber operations accompany real armed conflicts, as the cyberwar in Ukraine highlights. Inevitably, all future wars may contain a cyber element. Scenarios in this chapter offer an educated contribution, proving that cyberattacks may bring lethal effects, but also constitute war crimes. States and their militaries must prepare, and they increasingly work toward it.
