ABSTRACT
In the history of medicine, acknowledgment of exogenous agents that can directly affect the developing fetus is recent. Many common agents, such as halogenated hydrocarbons, are not only toxic to the embryo/fetus, they may also alter genes or genetic expression. Some toxic exposures have resulted in developmental anomalies leading to fetal death, congenital malformations, functional deficits, or growth retardation in offspring. Toxic damage to the developing zygote can occur, affecting its quality and/or implantation. There are several modifying factors that influence teratogenesis as well as metabolic defects. During the perinatal period, toxic chemicals can have a variety of ill effects on the developing fetus and newborn infant. Constipation and diarrhea are also seen in some sensitive newborns and can result from formula, related enzyme deficiency, xenobiotic overload, or mild pancreatic insufficiency. Recurrent monilial diaper dermatitis may also occur in newborns who are overloaded with toxic chemicals, including antibiotics.
