ABSTRACT
This chapter covers a variety of topics related to monitoring of Earth’s hydrosphere, describing common measurements of water quantity, level, velocity, and flow, as well as quality in terms of natural constituents and pollutants. Various water quality parameters such as temperature, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, pH, dissolved oxygen, and turbidity are discussed in detail along with sensors for their measurement. The light environment in water is discussed in the context of production of aquatic ecosystems. Hydrodynamics, water quality, and hydrological models are discussed in terms of linkage to monitoring. After covering remote sensing of water quality, this chapter describes ocean monitoring, emphasizing temperature, and groundwater monitoring, emphasizing dynamics of water level and water quality. This chapter ends presenting methods for predicting time series using autoregressive models.
