ABSTRACT
Urine is formed by the kidneys. It is used in biochemistry laboratories for biochemical analysis. Many dangerous waste materials and water are eliminated from the body via urine. It is a regular physiological system of the body. A complete urine analysis can be done by the biochemical analysis, bacteriological analysis, and microscopic analysis. Concentrated urine has a high specific gravity, while diluted urine has a low specific gravity. It is measured by a urinometer or refractometer. Chemical analysis of urine is conducted to detect the presence or absence of certain constituents that reflect the disease state of a body. The parameters include proteins, sugar, blood, ketone bodies, bile pigments, bile salts, and urobilinogen. Urobilinogen is normally present in urine in very small amounts. The excretion of urobilinogen is increased in hemolytic jaundice and infective hepatitis. Urine containing bilirubin has a typical beer brown color when voided and produces yellow foam on vigorous shaking.
