ABSTRACT
Various semiconductor materials have been recognized as topological insulators. A common property that determines nontrivial topology of the Hilbert space and thus generates quantum Hall sates is the inverted electron spectrum. In Chapter 7, we studied an example of topological surface electrons in Bi 2 (Te, Se) 3 . An incomplete list of topological materials includes II-VI quantum wells [1], monolayers WTe 2 [2], and so-called topological crystalline insulators, PbSnTe alloys [3]. For a more detailed list, see reviews [4, 5].
