ABSTRACT
Given the inherent diversity among polyamide thin film composite membranes with regard to materials (comprising various monomer types and additives), morphology (which may include ridge-and-valley or leaf-like structures), transport/separation mechanisms (encompassing Donnan exclusion, sieving and/or solution-diffusion mechanisms), configurations (ranging from flat sheets to hollow fibers) and applications (including both pressure-driven and osmotically driven processes), a wide spectrum of techniques and methods becomes essential for their thorough characterization.
