ABSTRACT
This chapter describes the models representing reinforcement and support systems in numerical analyses, particularly in finite element studies. Some special elements such as rockbolt elements, shotcrete and beam elements particularly for finite element analyses are explained herein.
Aydan’s rockbolt element, which fully takes into account the mechanism involved in the rockbolt system (steel bar in axial and shear loading, interfaces and grout annulus in shear and normal loading), is described in detail. The mechanical modeling of the rockbolt system is presented, and the governing equations for the bar and grout annulus are derived in consideration of responses to the finite element model for the rockbolt system.
Shotcrete in numerical simulations can be modeled in various ways. As the thickness of shotcrete is small, it can be modeled as shell elements under plane-stress condition. A two-noded element for shotcrete linings and named as shotcrete element is presented.
The essentials of non-linear finite element analyses of rock engineering structures are briefly described. Furthermore, the discrete finite element method (DFEM) for assessing the response and stability of rock block systems, based on the finite element method together with the utilization of updated Lagrangian scheme is briefly explained.
