ABSTRACT
Attribute-based cryptography is an extended alternative to identity-based cryptography where the attributes of users replace the role of identity. Attribute-based signature contributes as an anonymous signature in cryptography. Ronald Rivest et al. had used the idea of homomorphism in modern cryptography for the time for computation without decryption. In cryptography, pairing or bilinear pairing is essentially a map between two groups. Key exchange or agreement protocol is the important phase in a secure communication, for example, in a confidential video conferencing among security officials. The popular work of two-party key exchange technique of Whitfield Diffie and Martin Hellman was a foundation not only for the key exchange protocol but also for the public key cryptography. Secret-sharing schemes are very useful in building box of many secure protocols e.g. generalized protocol for multi-party computation, threshold cryptography, attribute-based encryption, and general oblivious transfer.
