ABSTRACT
This chapter discusses the use of photon radiation: bone density analysis by x-rays; the use of tissue fluorescence to detect cancers and the use of interferometry to measure the nanometer displacements of body surfaces. It also discusses the use of laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV) to measure capillary blood flow and the use of transcutaneous infrared (TIR) spectroscopy to measure blood analytes. The chapter examines the use of Gilham polarimetry to measure the glucose on the aqueous humor (AH) of the eyes, the use of pulse oximetry to measure the percent of oxyhemoglobin in capillary blood and applications of Raman spectroscopy in noninvasive (NI) medical diagnosis. It also examines some examples of optical interferometers that have been used in biomedical applications. The chapter describes the latest efforts in developing a semi-invasive, subcutaneous interstitial fluid glucose [ifG] concentration-sensing system. Most of the sensors require samples of a body fluid such as blood or interstitial fluid, and are by nature invasive or semi-invasive.
