ABSTRACT
This chapter describes various instrumental enhancements for direct observation of various tissues. It expresses that certain endoscopic procedures are moderately invasive, and require sterile technique and sedation. The ophthalmoscope is a simple optical instrument that permits the NI visualization of the front surface of the eye's retina, showing blood vessels, general color, surface smoothness, any tears or detachments, and the condition of the macula, and so on. The otoscope allows the examining physician to observe the condition of the outer surface of the eardrum and the lining of the external auditory canal. An endoscope is an optical instrument that allows a physician to visually inspect the surfaces of certain body organs, internal cavities and tubes, or the surfaces of joints. Skin lesions, and lesions on the surface of internal tissues viewed with endoscopes are indicative disease conditions.
