ABSTRACT
In the transportation sector, the marginal social cost of a particular trip represented by vehicle miles of travel (VMT) is the derivative of social cost against that of travel. Maintenance service schedule and labour cost vary with the make and model of vehicle. Poisson models are a well-accepted method of modeling discrete rare events such as highway vehicle crashes. Noise could be made from engines, horns, brakes, or other mechanical parts of vehicles. Air emissions of different types of vehicles are estimated using emission factors multiplying VMT. In the transportation industry, the rapid construction of infrastructure and growth of the vehicle industry jointly resulted in a sharp increase of energy consumption. In the planning stage of transportation improvements, the agency shall consider the travel demand of all transportation modes including bicycle and walking modes. Both direct and indirect impacts will further affect transportation behaviour and social economy.
