ABSTRACT
Abbreviation Meaning 1D One dimensional 2D Two dimensional 3D Three dimensional ATFM Active trajectory eld model BPF Band-pass lter bSSFP Balanced steady state with free precession C-SENC Composite SENC CANSEL Cosine and sine modulation to eliminate echoes CRT Cardiac resynchronization therapy CSPAMM Complementary SPAMM DANTE Delays alternating with nutations for tailored
excitation DC Direct current DENSE Displacement encoding with stimulated echoes DHE Delayed hyperenhancement DWI Diffusion-weighted imaging EPI Echo planar imaging FEM Finite-element modeling FID Free induction decay FOV Field of view FT Fourier transform Gd Gadolinium HARP Harmonic phase HFnEF Heart failure with normal ejection fraction HT High tuning LAX Long axis LPF Low-pass lter LT Low tuning LV Left ventricle MESA Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis meta-DENSE Mixed echo train acquisition DENSE MI Myocardial infarction NT No tuning PC Phase contrast RF Radiofrequency ROI Region of interest SAX Short axis SENC Strain encoding SENSE Sensitivity encoding SNR Signal-to-noise ratio SPAMM Spatial modulation of magnetization STEAM Stimulated echo acquisition mode sf-fast-SENC Slice-following fast-SENC sf-SENC Slice-following SENC TPM Tissue phase mapping TruHARP Total removal of unwanted harmonic peaks venc Velocity encoding
Although conventional MRI tagging, especially spatial modulation of magnetization (SPAMM), remains the most
established technique for evaluating regional heart function, various other advanced, and more complicated, techniques have been developed over the past 17 years or so. These techniques provide more information about the heart mechanics with better visualization schemes and more accurate results. These techniques are harmonic phase (HARP) imaging, displacement encoding with stimulated echoes (DENSE), strain encoding (SENC), tissue phase mapping (TPM), and magnetic resonance elastography (MRE). These techniques represent the state of the art in heart mechanics analysis with MRI. They have been implemented in different research and clinical trials with promising results, which makes them constitute the future trend in the eld.
