ABSTRACT
Over the past decade, there has been a surge of research devoted to the study of zoosporic parasites of phytoplankton (Karpov et al. 2014a; Gleason et al. 2015; Lepère et al. 2015; Valois and Poulin 2015). While this paradigm shift in aquatic ecology is relatively new, chytrids parasitizing algae have been the focus of studies dating back to at least the early twentieth century (Atkinson 1909; Karling 1928a; Karling 1928b; Canter 1947; Sparrow 1951). Work
focusing on aphelid parasites of phytoplankton has taken longer to emerge (Fott 1957; Schnepf et al. 1970; Schnepf et al. 1971; Schnepf 1972; Gromov 2000) and has not gained the attention given to chytrid ecology. The focus on zoosporic parasites of phytoplankton can be aligned with shifts in perspective in many ›elds; the problems associated with mass infection of algae cultured for biofuel (Collins et al. 2014), our evolving understanding of the role of parasites in food web structure and functioning (Jephcott et al. 2016b), and the extremely rapid generational turnover exhibited by
CONTENTS
16.1 Introduction .............................................................................................................................................................. 239 16.2 Aphelidia ................................................................................................................................................................... 240
16.2.1 Chlorophytes ............................................................................................................................................... 240 16.2.2 Diatoms ........................................................................................................................................................241 16.2.3 Cyanobacteria ............................................................................................................................................. 242 16.2.4 Dino©agellates ............................................................................................................................................ 242 16.2.5 Other ........................................................................................................................................................... 242
16.3 Chytridiomycota ....................................................................................................................................................... 242 16.3.1 Chlorophytes ............................................................................................................................................... 243 16.3.2 Diatoms ....................................................................................................................................................... 243 16.3.3 Dino©agellates ............................................................................................................................................ 245 16.3.4 Cyanobacteria ............................................................................................................................................. 246 16.3.5 Other ........................................................................................................................................................... 246
16.4 Ecology ..................................................................................................................................................................... 246 16.4.1 The Balance of Parasites ............................................................................................................................ 246 16.4.2 The Red Queen and the Cheshire Cat ........................................................................................................ 247 16.4.3 Environmental Regulation .......................................................................................................................... 248 16.4.4 Food Webs .................................................................................................................................................. 249
16.5 Future Perspectives ................................................................................................................................................... 250 16.5.1 Hyperparasites ............................................................................................................................................ 250 16.5.2 Commercial Applications ........................................................................................................................... 250 16.5.3 Communication Barriers ............................................................................................................................ 250
16.6 Concluding Remarks ................................................................................................................................................ 250 Acknowledgments .................................................................................................................................................................251 References .............................................................................................................................................................................251
