ABSTRACT
This chapter focuses on four different case studies. It describes distinctive aspects of the tunnelling works and how some of the information. The railroad line connecting Kassel and Paderborn, Germany, of which the Eggetunnel is a part, has been upgraded to allow higher speeds and to increase the route capacity. The invert must have failed over a longer period of time, and only the weight of the backfill provided the necessary force to maintain equilibrium; once removed, the displacements started again. In soft rock tunnels, owing to the low strength of the ground, a sprayed concrete invert is constructed to avoid shear failure under the footings. The load was applied by horizontal and vertical hydraulic jacks, independently controlled to achieve different coefficients of lateral earth pressure. London Heathrow airport has been expanded by adding a new Terminal, which opened in 2008 and was constructed away from the central terminal area.
