ABSTRACT
Cosmic-ray astrophysics is typically concerned with the effect produced by the generated waves and other perturbations on the beam itself and the magnetic field in which it propagates. The entire electromagnetic- wave spectrum has thus either been covered by astronomy or is in the process of being covered. Another feature of the current stage in the development of astronomy is the emergence of the astrophysics of cosmic rays, and the birth of neutrino astronomy and gravitational-wave astronomy. The sources of cosmic rays are concentrated towards the Galactic plane, where the Galactic magnetic field is stronger. From the very origin of the investigation of cosmic-ray astrophysics, its "Achilles heel" was the indeterminacy in use of the data obtained for the electron component of making conclusions about the proton-nuclear component. The Metagalactic models assume that most cosmic rays flow into the Galaxy from outside, i.e. from intergalactic space.
