ABSTRACT
This chapter presents the list of equations for reversible work in the various ideal gas processes. The entropy change is caused by the heat transfer between the system and its surroundings and by the lost work within the system. The unavailable energy in the process is the difference between the available work and the actual work. While the lost work is caused by internal irreversibility, the Carnot work discussed in the last section is the work lost due to external irreversibility. In the real world the Carnot work is the work one would have obtained if Carnot engines were available. The Carnot work is equal to the available work minus the reversible work. The rate of internal irreversibility is numerically equal to the internally induced entropy times the temperature of the surroundings. The chapter considers closed and open systems that exchange heat solely with the environment.
