ABSTRACT
Several types of atmospheric and physical hazards may be encountered during confined space entry. This chapter explains the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) standards requirements for a confined space entry program. It addresses some program elements, like communications equipment and protection from external hazards. The chapter introduces other topics like ventilation, atmospheric testing, lockout-tagout and respiratory protection that are much more complex. It explores each of the ten critical program elements. Rescue services may be provided by either on-site or off-site responders. If it is not possible to inspect the space safely from outside, then the visual inspection should be delayed until all hazards have been characterized and controlled. The chapter discusses instrument theory of operation, selection, calibration and use. Although it is the legal mandate to train employees whose work involves confined space entry, training should not be limited to only these employees.
