ABSTRACT
This chapter provides earthworks, that is, design and construction involving major volumes of glacial soils. It also provides the stability of slopes, tunnels and embankments and stabilised ground. The design of earthworks depends on whether it is for excavations or fills. There are four types of slopes to consider: natural slopes, natural slopes with toe erosion, cuttings and embankments. Constructed slopes for cutting and embankments can either be designed using an appropriate method of analysis or be specified based on experience. Landslides that are a consequence of engineering or weather-related events may be first-time slides but many slopes are dormant landslides that have taken place following isostatic uplift and development of the current drainage system since the last ice age ended. Excavations include excavations for foundations, basements, gravity and water retaining structures, landfill and cuttings. A number of motorway schemes constructed in the 1960s and 1970s included cuttings in matrix-dominated tills.
