ABSTRACT
This chapter examines racial differences in growth and development and their probable origins. Growth retardation can be determined by radiography of the long bones. Weight-for-height measures are affected by bone density, musculature, and body fat. Other reasons for birth weight differences exist: Size, body proportions, maternal birth weight, maternal hematocrit, and maternal stress. Electroencephalogram results can indicate developmental maturity. The onset of puberty determines the length of time available for growth. Girls stop growing about 3 years after menarche. Climate affects the amount of body fat, height, and the timing of tooth emergence. Where disease is prevalent, diets are generally poorer. Poorly nourished children are smaller and lighter than well-nourished children. A few surface features that are pertinent during the growth period will be mentioned here, particularly orofacial characteristics, earwax, and birthmarks. Several of the more common congenital abnormalities differ by racial group, but few studies have compared specific races.
