ABSTRACT
Cereals are staple foods used directly for human consumption and indirectly via livestock feed. Cereals as one of the most important energy sources and the main human source of nutrition provide various macronutrients (proteins, lipids, carbohydrates, and dietary ber) and biologically active micronutrients (minerals, vitamins, phenolic compounds, and phytosterols) [1]. Nevertheless, cereals are decient in certain health-promoting components such as essential polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) and contain only limited amounts of other lipophilic constituents (e.g., carotenoids, coenzyme Q10). Therefore, a diet based primarily on cereal grains may not only encourage an improper dietary equilibrium of these metabolites but also lead to increased incidence of various diseases resulting from insufcient intake of PUFAs [2]. From this point of view, could cereals be
I. Introduction .......................................................................................................................... 765 II. Importance and Sources of PUFAs ...................................................................................... 766
A. Importance of PUFAs .................................................................................................. 766 B. Plant and Animal Sources of PUFAs ........................................................................... 766 C. Microbial Producers of PUFAs .................................................................................... 767
III. Biotechnological Strategy for Cereals Enriched with PUFAs .............................................. 767 A. Solid-State Fermentations ............................................................................................ 767 B. Microorganisms for Cereal Utilization ........................................................................ 767 C. Cereal Substrates .......................................................................................................... 768 D. Effect of Cultivation Conditions on Production of PUFA-Enriched Cereals ............... 768
IV. Application of PUFA Sources in Ruminant Nutrition .......................................................... 769 A. Supplementation of Ruminant Diet with PUFA Oils ................................................... 769 B. Supplementation of Ruminant Diet with Prefermented Cereals Enriched with
PUFAs .......................................................................................................................... 770 V. Application of PUFA Sources in Chicken Nutrition ............................................................ 771
A. Effect of PUFA Feeding on the Quality and Composition of Chicken Meat .............. 772 B. Effect of Prefermented Cereals Enriched with PUFAs on Feeding Parameters and
the Quality and Composition of Chicken Meat ............................................................ 773 VI. Conclusions and Perspectives ............................................................................................... 775 Acknowledgment ........................................................................................................................... 775 References ...................................................................................................................................... 775
considered as useful sources of functional foods/feed with biologically active PUFAs? Surely yes, providing that metabolic composition of cereals will be modied appropriately.
