ABSTRACT
Organic pollutants in potable or nonpotable waters, soils, sediments, sludges, solid wastes, and other matrices must be brought into an appropriate organic solvent for their injection into the gas chromatography (GC) column. Depending on the nature of the sample matrices, various extraction techniques may be effectively applied for the accurate and low-level detection of organics. There are also other analytical techniques, mostly pertaining to miniaturized microextractions developed in recent years. Such methods, however, are not used in routine environmental analysis. They involve using a very small volume of liquid in the liquid-phase microextraction (LPME) or a very small amount of solid or semi-solid polymeric material in the solid-phase microextraction (SPME). The chapter lists various stationary phases for solid phase extraction. It presents the cleanup procedures for different classes of organic substances. The cleanup procedures include alumina column cleanup, silica gel cleanup, Florisil column cleanup, gel-permeation cleanup (GPC), sulfur cleanup and permanganate–sulfuric acid cleanup.
